Being Prepared for Solar World Congress 2009 in South Africa!

It has been announced (in www.ises.org) that next solar world congers will be held at the Sandton Convention Centre (SCC) in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 11 – 14 October 2009. Jon Adams is the Chairperson of the Congress Organizing Committee. The congress theme is “Renewable Energy: Shaping our Future”.


Here is Jon Adam's message:

As Chairman.of the SWC2009 Organizing Committee I am looking forward to welcoming each and every member of the. renewable energy fraternity to Johannesburg, South Africa in October 2009. The Sustainable Energy Society of Southern Africa has been long looking forward to hosting the event and after 22 years away from Southern Africa this event is coming home for SESSA. Africa is the continent of sunshine and when I look at major world wide developments in our respective industries I am always saddened that Africa lags far behind and in fact is often left off the radar screen for renewable energy development. Most places in Africa photovoltaic systems are the only source of providing light to those infamous 2 billion people that lives on less that $1 a day and without access to sources of modernity such as electrification. I believe it is our duty to do all we can to allow Africa to see the light. Join me in Johannesburg and make a difference.

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Solar Energy Conferences Events- Internationally

The followings are some coming events in solar energy which are announced in the ISES web:

• 3rd International Solar Cities Congress, Adelaide, Australia, 17 - 21, February, 2008
• CEP - Clean Energy Power, 07 - 09 March, 2008, Stuttgart, Germany
• Intersolar 2008, 12 - 14 June, 2008, Munich, Germany
• World Wind Energy Conference 2008, Kingston, Canada, 24 - 26 June 2008
• IGA World Geothermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, 25 - 29 April, 2010
• Solar 2008 - American Solar Energy Society Annucal Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 3 - 6 May, 2008
• EuroSun 2008, Lisbon, 7-10 October 2008
• 3rd ISES Latin American Regional Conference, Florianopolis, Brazil, 18 -21 November 2008
• ISES Asia Pacific Regional Conference 2008, Sydney , Australia, 25 - 28 November 2008

source ; www.ises.org

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Solar Collector Performance- Test of My Dryer

Solar radiation received by the solar collector during the tests was measured by the pyranometer located next to the collector at the same pitch. The pyranometer output was connected to the data logger and recorded every 10 minutes. However, it was difficult to obtain steady radiation levels due to intermittent cloud cover and frequent movement of clouds. The ambient temperature was measured with a probe located in the inlet of the collector and was assumed to be equal to inlet air temperature.

Preliminary tests conducted indicated that the temperature profile across the width of the collector was uniform. In the test, therefore, the temperature was measured just in the centerline along the length of the collector at three points. The measurement points were located at 10 cm from the inlet side, at the center, and at 10 cm from outlet side of the collector, respectively. The temperature measurements were also measured at the bottom plate, in the air stream, and at the absorber plate.

The experimental results of the diurnal variation of temperatures of the solar collector outlet air, absorber, ambient, and solar radiation are presented in Figures 6.5 and 6.6. Data for a typical day-June 28, 2005 - is shown in Figure 6.5. During the day the solar radiation was relatively low, varying from 200 – 900 W/m², and fluctuated considerably due to moving cloud. However, the rise in air temperature due to the generated air flow rate in the collector was sufficient for the purpose of drying most agricultural products. For the inlet air temperature (ambient temperature) of 40^oC, the maximum outlet air temperature was recorded as 56^oC at the solar radiation level of 960 W/m².

Figure 6.6 shows another data for one typical day of February 8, 2005, one of the early days of the dry season in the region and the solar radiation was less fluctuating. The maximum outlet air temperature recorded was 76^oC at the solar radiation level of 1000 W/m² and an ambient temperature of 40^oC. Comparison between Figure 6.5 and Figure 6.6, shows that the low and modestly fluctuating solar radiation due to moving clouds, as is typical for the tests in February-March, significantly effects the air temperature at the collector out let

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Test of Solar Drying Performance – My Solar Dryer

The performance of the solar dryer was evaluated from June 2005 through March 2006. During these ten months, all relevant weather conditions were experienced. These include rain, cloud cover and sunlight under different angles azimuth. Serial tests were conducted for both loaded and unloaded conditions. For the loaded conditions, the evaluation were made for drying of fresh red chillies, unshelled groundnuts, unshelled soybean, shelled soybean, coffee cherry, and unshelled candle nuts.

The tests were also conducted with a variation of energy sources for drying; solar energy, burning of biomass (fire wood), and a combination of solar energy and biomass. Burning of biomass was only conducted at night and during low solar radiation, while solar energy and/or combination with stored heat from biomass burning were used during daytime.

In addition to the natural convection mode, forced convection tests were carried out to investigate the performance of the solar collector. For this purpose, a centrifugal blower was applied to generate air at a certain mass flow rate. The suction blower, which was set at the left side ventilation of the dryer, sucked the air out of the chamber. The air mass flow rate was measured with an anemometer.

6.1 Instrumentation

The measured parameters were temperature, moisture content level, solar radiation, relative humidity, mass of products to be dried, mass of fuel wood to be burnt, wind speed, and airflow rate through the dryer. A combination of hand-held instruments and sensors connected to a data logger (DataTaker 605) were used to record the measurements. A photograph of the data logger is shown in Figure 6.1. Temperature and solar radiation were recorded every 10 minutes. Solar radiation was measured with a pyranometer (Kipp & Zonen CM 3) with a sensitivity of 16.51  10^-6 V/Wm^-2 and an accuracy of  5%. A photograph of the pyranometer used is shown in Figure 6.2.

The relative humidity was calculated from measured wet-bulb and dry bulb temperatures using a psychometric chart. Air velocities were measured with a hot-wire air anemometer (Testo 405-V1) with an accuracy of  2.5%. Figure 6.3 shows a photograph of the hot-wire anemometer.

Figure 6.2 A photograph of the pyranometer.

The mass of the dried product was measured with an electronic balance (Sartorius AG BP 3100S) with an accuracy of 0.01 g. A photograph of the balance is shown in Figure 6.4. The biomass of fire wood was measured with an analog balance (TS 2777047) with an accuracy of 0.1 kg. The dry mass of the dried samples were determined using the air-oven method (Hall, 1980).

Figure 6 4 A photograph of the balance used to measure the mass of dried products.

Figure 6.4 A photograph of the balance used to measure the mass of dried products

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Solar Drying of Red Chillies – Using of My Dryer

Solar Drying of Red Chillies – Using of My Dryer

The initial moisture content of the dried fresh red chillies in the next test was 260%, d.b., (equivalent to 72%, w.b.) This is similar to the results reported by Sittiphong et al., (2001). The chillies should then be dried until the level of moisture is about 15 % d. b. Two experiments were performed for the dryer evaluation with drying of red chillies.

The first experiment was carried out during 18–19 September, 2005 with a load of 35 kg of fresh product. This loading is about full capacity of the dryer trays, each with a thin layer of chillies. Drying was started at 18:00 by burning about 60 kg of wood (one time of feeding). Initially, the combustion was quite difficult to take place as the wood-fuels was wet due to its direct exposure to the rain. As a result, during the first 5 hours of burning, the increasing of the tray temperature was relatively slow. Drying was continued for the following day by using the solar energy. This means that, for the first 13 hours of the experiment, the source of heat was from wood burning, and for the remaining period the heat was from both solar energy and wood burning.

The decrease of moisture content during the experiment is shown in Figure 6.20. The products on tray 1 and 2 took about 11 and 13 hours, respectively, to reach a moisture level of 15%. This means the products on the two trays were dried only by burning wood as the source of heat. For the products on tray 3 and 4, during the first 13 hours of drying using back-up heater, the moisture content was reduced to 50 and 125 %, respectively, and therefore, drying had to continue during the following day to reach the wanted level. During the following day the energy for drying was supplied by both solar and by the stored heat in the bricks. With moderate level of solar radiation, it took the whole day for products on tray 3 and 4 to reach a moisture content of 15%.

Another experiment was conducted during March 4 -6, 2006 with drying of about 35 kg of red chillies using only solar energy. During the test, the solar radiation was relatively high with an average daily insolation of 5.8 kWh/m². Diurnal variation of solar radiation, and drying air on each tray during the first day of experiment, is shown in Figure 6.21. Drying occurred mainly during daytime, but, during nighttime, while the products were kept in the dryer, there was still a small decrease of moisture content observed.

The decreasing of moisture content of products on each tray is shown in Figure 6.22. The figure also shows the moisture content changes by sun drying. The products on tray 4 took about one and a half day to reach moisture content of 15%., and continued drying resulted in a final moisture content of 5.4 % by the end of the second day. For the products on tray 1, 2 and 3, the moisture content was about 127, 146, and 98 %, respectively, by the end of the second day.During the third day of drying, the product on tray 4 was interchanged with that on tray 1. This resulted in the moisture content of the product (initially from tray 1) reaching 15% at noon of the third day, and about 1% by the end of the day. For the forth day, tray 4 was re-interchanged again with tray 2.

By interchange trays, all the products were declared dry at noon of the forth day. From these experimental results, the interchanges of trays are recommended for the uniformity of drying and for a uniform drying time, and to avoid over drying of the products. To get uniform drying in the shortest time, the dryness level and solar radiation during the drying days have to be carefully estimated in determination the optimal timing for the trays interchange.

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Drying Characteristics of Red Chillies

Drying Characteristics of Red Chillies

Kaleemullah and Kailappan (2004) reported the equilibrium moisture for small red chillies using the static method at 25, 35 and 45^oC over a range of relative humidities from 11.5 to 86.5%. The sorption capacity of chillies decreased with an increase in temperature at constant relative humidity. The sorption isotherms exhibited the phenomenon of hysteresis, in which the equilibrium moisture content was higher at a particular equilibrium relative humidity for desorption curve than for adsorption. Figure 2.1 shows the hyterisis in chillies at measured temperatures.

Sittiphong et al. (1992) reported the drying curves, drying characteristics, and drying constants of small and large chillies for air velocity of 0.18 m/s and temperatures of 55, 65 and 75^oC. The drying curves for small and large chillies are shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.3, respectively. Drying characteristics curve for small and large chillies are shown in Figure 2.4 and Figure 2.5, respectively. It was reported that for both small and large chillies, the maximum allowable drying air temperature is 75 ^oC.

M
easurement of bulk density, loosely loaded in a container indicated that small chillies have a bulk density of 340 kg/m³ when newly harvested with a moisture content of 83% w.b., where as the bulk density of large red chilli is 325 kg/m³ with moisture content of 75 % w.b. After the moisture content is reduced to 13.0%, the bulk densities for the small and large chillies were reported to be 145 and 80 kg/m³, respectively.

Akpinar et al. (2003) reported the thin layer drying behavior of red chilli peppers. The experimental investigation was made by using a convective dryer with an inlet air temperatures of of 55, 60 and 70^oC and a velocity of 1.5 m/s. It was reported that the drying times from the initial moisture content of 300% to a final moisture content of 10% d.b., at various drying air temperatures were between 160 and 300 min. Drying of red chilli in the ranges of 55–70^oC and 1.5 m/s air velocity was found to be satisfactory.

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Solar drying for some agricultural in Northern of Sumatra-My personal recent investigation

A preliminary identification of the community needs for the solar drying application of agricultural products in the Province of North Sumatra, Indonesia, had been made by means field survey and literature reviews. Farmer need to dry selected agricultural products; For this solar dryer could be applied. The products are candle nuts, coffee, chillies, soybeans, ground nuts, and mung beans.

Drying characteristics for the selected agricultural products were studied for the purpose of designing a solar dryer. In particular, the drying characteristics of candle nuts, including its sorption isotherms and drying rates, were investigated in a laboratory. It was found that the unshelled kernels of candle nuts had a higher equilibrium moisture content than shelled kernels. In both cases hysteresis was pronounced, and decreased as the temperature was increased. The isosteric heat of desorption was higher than the isosteric heat of adsorption. The GAB equation gave a satisfactory goodness of fit to the unshelled kernel data. For the drying-rate experiment, the measurements were taken for unshelled kernels of candle nuts, from both fresh and stored samples. Measurements were made at the temperatures of 40, 50, and 60^oC and a drying air velocity of 0.67 m/s, and about 1 m/s using a forced convection dryer. The total drying time was substantially reduced with an increase in temperature, but the effect of the air velocity was relatively small. Page’s model adequately describes the drying behavior for the range of temperatures measured. The dependence of the drying constant on air temperature can be described by the Arrhenius model.

A mixed mode natural convection solar dryer, combined with a simple biomass burner and heat storage as a back-up heating system, was designed. The design considerations covered type of product to be dried, physical drying characteristics, capacity, construction material, type of dryer, and included prediction through modeling and numerical simulation.

A pilot solar dryer was constructed in the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Prince of Songkla University Hat Yai, Thailand. The type of dryer was mixed mode, natural convection, with biomass and heat storage back-up heating system. Serial tests for performance evaluation of the dryer were conducted from June 2005 through March 2006. From the tests, the dryer was found to be satisfactory for drying selected agricultural products, including candle nuts, chillies, coffee cherries, soybean, and ground nuts. The overall thermal efficiency of the dryer, tested for drying of the listed products, was found to be in the range of 3 - 13%. The overall thermal efficiency of the biomass back-up heater was found to be about 20%. Solar dried chilies were used for sensory evaluation of the product quality. The results of sensory evaluation showed that the solar dried product gained good acceptance for its color, aroma, and texture. The cost for construction of the dryer was estimated to be 50,000 Thailand Bath (US$1,250). The payback period of the dryer was estimated to be 2.5 - 3 years.

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From Solar World Congress 2007- Beijing

International Solar Energy Society and the Chinese Solar Energy Society were recently organizing and hosting the ISES Solar World Congress 2007 (SWC2007) in Beijing, China, from September 18 to 21, 2007. This was hold after the Solar World Congresses 2003 (SWC2003) in Gothenburg, Sweden and 2005 (SWC2005) in Orlando, USA. This is time also the celebration of the 50th anniversary of ISES.

I was lucky to get opportunity to attend the congress, and I was the only participant from Indonesia, wow. I presented a paper (with oral presentation) in the topic of solar drying for agricultural products.

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My Solar Dryer

I have been doing research on solar drying,this the latest project I recently did. The dryer is mixed mode natural convection of solar dryer integrated with a simple biomass burner and bricks for storing heat. The dryer was designed for small-scale commercial producers of agricultural products in non-electrified locations. From a series of evaluation trials of the system, the capacity of the dryer was found to be 60–65 kg of unshelled fresh harvested groundnuts.

The drying efficiency of the solar component alone was found to be 23%. While, the efficiency of the burner with heat storage in producing useful heat for drying was found to be 40%.The key design features of the dryer contributed to produce an acceptable thermal efficiency, and uniformity of drying air temperature across the trays, were the jacket and gap enclosing the drying chamber and arranged bricks for storing heat.

This my dryer was exposed by local TV station, wow not bad.

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Review of Solar Dryers Papers

I have reviewed some papers in solar dryers, especially for which are designed for drying agricultural products. The following is the summarize of my review:

Soponronnarit (1995) reviewed the research and development work in solar drying conducted in Thailand during the past 15 years (since 1980s). He found that, in term of techniques and economy, solar drying for some crops such as paddy, multiple crops and fruit is feasible. However, the method has not been widely accepted by farmers. Most of the solar air heaters developed in Thailand have used modifications to the building roofs. Both bare and glass-covered solar air heaters were reported to be technically and economically feasible when compared to electricity but have not been able to compete with fuel oil.

Bahnasawy and Shenana (2004) developed a mathematical model of direct sun and solar drying of some fermented dairy products (kishk). The main components of the equations describing the drying system were solar radiation, heat convection, heat gained or lost from the dryer bin wall and the latent heat of moisture evaporation. The model was able to predict the drying temperatures at a wide range of relative humidity values. It also has the capability to predict the moisture loss from the product at wide ranges of relative humidity values, temperatures and air velocities.

Enein et al. (2000) reported a parametric study of a solar air heater with and without thermal storage for solar drying applications. An optimization process for a flat-plate solar air heater with and without thermal storage was carried out. Three kinds of material for thermal storage were used, i.e. water, stones and sand. The average temperature of flowing air increases with the increase of the collector length and width up to typical values for these parameters. The outlet temperature of flowing air was found to decrease with an increase of the airflow channel spacing and mass flow rate. The thermal performance of the air heater with sensible storage materials is considerably higher than that without the storage. An optimal thickness of the storage material of about 0.12 m was found to be convenient for drying various agriculture products. In addition, the proposed mathematical model may be used for estimating of the thermal performance of flat plate-solar air heater with and without thermal storage.

Pangavhen et al. (2002) proposed a design, development and performance testing of a new convection solar dryerThe solar dryer is capable of producing average temperature between 50 and 55°C, which was optimal for dehydration of grapes as well as for most of the fruits and vegetables. This system was capable of generating an adequate natural flow of hot air to enhance the drying rate. The drying airflow rate increases with ambient temperature by the thermal buoyancy in the collector. The collector efficiencies ranged between 26% for mass flow rate of 0.0126 kg/s of air and 65% for mass flow rate of 0.0246 kg/s. This was sufficient for heating the drying air. The drying time of grapes was reduced by 43% compared to the open sun drying.

Bena and Fuller (2002) developed a direct-type natural convection solar dryer with simple biomass burner. It was expected to be suitable for small-scale processors of dried fruits and vegetables in non-electrified areas of developing countries. The capacity of the dryer was found to be 20–22 kg of fresh pineapple arranged in a single layer of 1-cm-thick slices. The key features of the biomass burner were found to be the addition of thermal mass on the upper surface, an internal baffle plate to lengthen the exhaust gas exit path and a variable air inlet valve. The author also suggested some modifications to further improve the performance of both the solar and biomass components of the dryer.

Ekechukwu and Norton (1999) presented a comprehensive review of the various designs, details of construction and operational principles for a variety of practical solar-energy drying systems. The appropriateness of each design type for applications used by rural farmers in developing countries was discussed.

Mumba (1995) developed a photovoltaic-powered forced-circulation grain dryer for use in the tropics. From performance testing results, it was indicated that the dryer has a capacity of 90 kg (maize) for drying from an initial moisture content 33.3% to under 20% during one day. The important feature of this dryer is the use of photovoltaic solar cell incorporated in the solar air heater section to power a D.C. fan.

Salom et al.( 1996) proposed a mathematical model for indirect solar dryers where the drying chamber is assumed thermally insulated and opaque from the incident radiation. The solar dryer model is composed of a solar collector, a drying chamber and a chimney. The modeled dryer system is based on the chimney effect and natural convection flow. The mathematical model and solution procedure for the prediction of the thermal behavior of indirect solar dryers was presented in order to develop and improve dryer designs. However, the author suggested that the proposed model should be further validated. More information is needed with respect to the values of the chamber pressure drop and the drying rates for indirect solar dryers.

Bala et al. (1995) presented a technique for optimization of natural-convection, solar dryers. The optimal design was specified for the condition of Bangladesh. The physical simulation was combined with a cost prediction and experimental techniques, which found the constrain minimum of total cost per unit moisture removal. The optimum design was a relatively long collector, a thin grain bed and negligible chimney height. The result of sensitivity analysis indicated that the design geometry is insensitive to material or fixed costs, but grain capacity has some effects. Turning the grain has almost no effect on drying but greatly reduces over-drying at the bottom of the bed. In addition, the authors suggested that it would be useful if the theory were applied to a wider range of meteorological conditions. It is essential that the optimized drying be verified experimentally.

Bennamoun and Azeddine (2003) studied a simple, efficient and inexpensive solar batch dryer for agricultural products through simulations. They used onion as the dried product, and the shrinking effect was taken into account. In addition, it was suggested that the study could be developed for other agricultural products and for the behavior of solar dryer in different seasons.

Sebaii et al. (2002) reported a study of an indirect type natural convection solar which investigated experimentally and theoretically for drying grapes, figs, onions, apples, tomatoes and green peas. The drying constants for the selected crops were obtained from the experimental results and were then correlated with the drying product temperature. Linear correlation between drying constant and product temperature were proposed for the selected crops. The empirical constants of Henderson’s equation were obtained for all the materials from investigation, which are not available in the literature. The proposed empirical correlation suggested that it could well describe the drying kinetics of the selected crops.

Gallali et al. (2000) reported the result of an investigation of some dried fruit and vegetables (grapes, figs, tomatoes and onions) based on chemical analysis (vitamin C, total reducing sugars, acidity, moisture, and ash content) and sensory evaluation data (color, flavor, and texture). They compared products dried by solar dryers and natural sun drying. The study indicated that using solar dryers gives more advantages than natural sun drying, especially in terms of drying time.

Karathanos and Belessiotis (1997) reported the sun and solar air drying kinetics of some agricultural products, i.e. sultana grapes, currants, figs, plums and apricots. The drying rates were found for both solar and industrial drying operations. Air and product temperatures were measured for the entire industrial drying process. It was shown that most materials were dried in the falling rate period. Currants, plums, apricots and jigs exhibited two drying rate periods, a first slowly decreasing (almost constant) and a second fast decreasing (falling) drying rate period. In addition, they indicated that the industrial drying operation resulted in a product of superior quality compared to products dried by solar dehydration.

Leon et al., (2002) presented a review of existing evaluation methods and the parameters generally considered for evaluation of solar food dryers. These parameters can be classified as : (i) physical features of the dryers; (ii) thermal performance; (iii) quality of dried product; (iv) cost of dryer and payback period.

a. Physical features of dryer

- type, size, and shape

- collector area and solar aperture

- drying capacity/loading density (kg/unit aperture area)

- tray area and number of layers

- loading/unloading convenience

- loading/unloading time

- handling, cleaning, maintenance convenience, and ease of construction

b. Thermal performance

- drying time/drying rate up to 10% product moisture content (d.b.), (this may, however, vary from product to product)

- dryer/drying efficiency until product moisture content reaches 10% (d.b.)

- first day drying efficiency

- drying air temperature and relative humidity

- maximum drying temperature at no-load and with load

- duration of drying air temperature10oC above ambient

- airflow rate

c. Quality of dried products

- sensory quality (color, flavor, taste, texture, aroma)

- nutritional attributes - quantified for easy comparison

- rehydration capacity - consistency in presentation

- uniformity of drying

d. Economics and other parameters

- cost of drying and payback periods

- floor space requirements, skilled technician and operator requirements, and safety and reliability

In addition, a comprehensive procedure for testing solar dryers has been also proposed.

(from many papers)

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The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment ( JGSEE )-Thailand

Thailand has been running an excellent Program in Energy and Environment Research Studies , Consortium between 5 Leading Universities in Thailand. It is an International Program which English is the official language.This is what they claim in their web:

The Joint Graduate School of Energy and Environment ( JGSEE
) is an autonomous graduate school instituted under the jurisdiction of the
Council of the King Mongkut's University
of Technology Thonburi .
It was established in 1998 for the purpose of implementing the Postgraduate
Education and Research in Science and Technology Development Project of the
Commission on Higher Education (CHE), which aims to strength postgraduate
education and research as a means of building a strong foundation for research
and development in science and technology, and to help support Thailand's
economic competitiveness. The School receives funding from the Thai government
through the CHE - ADB Higher Education Development Project and the Energy
Conservation Promotion Fund of the Ministry of Energy

More detail, visit its web at:http://www.jgsee.kmutt.ac.th/jgsee1/aboutjgsee/aboutjgsee.php

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Solar Energy School in Sweden

So far, perhaps the only one master study school which particularly concentrated in solar energy is ESES (European Solar Energy School) Sweden. Its provides a unique education in solar engineering. The program is based on research work at the Solar Energy Research Center (SERC). This webpage, made from ESES students for ESES students, provides information about the program and the life in Borlänge. It also serves a meeting point for current, former and prospective student.

The programme is a 1-year continuation course within the subject area of Energy and Environmental Technology which leads to a masters exam, in Swedish “magisterexamen”. All courses are taught in English. After passing all courses, including passing the thesis work, the student will be awarded the degree of Magister of Science with a Major in Mechanical Engineering with Specialisation in Solar Energy Engineering. The programme comprises in total 60 ECTS credits. The intake for the programme is only once a year and the programme starts always in the end of August with the Autumn semester.

More dtail, visit their web at: http://www.eses.org/index.php?option=com_frontpage&Itemid=1

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Solar Dryer Systems and the Internet-An interesting paper

I just came across an interesting paper about solar drying. The title is Solar Dryer Systems and the Internet: important
resources to improve food preparation, written by David E. Whitfield V, Director -
Sobre la Roca, Bolivia. Here is the abstract:

In many countries of the world, the use of solar thermal systems in the agricultural area to conserve vegetables, fruits, coffee and other crops has shown to be practical, economical and the responsible approach environmentally. Solar heating systems to dry food and other crops can improve the quality of the product, while reducing wasted produce and traditional fuels - thus improving the quality of life, however the availability of good information is lacking in many of the countries where solar food processing systems are most needed. This work presents the performance of several individual, medium and large-scale food processing systems, which incorporate solar drying. Demonstrated achievements through individual medium and large scale commercial applications will be studied, emphasizing technology transfer in rural areas. Works studied are catalogued with summaries, and use of the Internet is featured as a medium to facilitate the availability of this information

The full paper can be found at : http://www.solarcooking.org/drying/Whitfield-drying1.htm

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General Solar Energy Links

I have searched several links in the internet related to solar energy development...The Solar Estimator - Spinning Back Towards Savings!

Find Solar
The Find Solar web site is a user-friendly way for homeowners and businesses to learn more about solar energy economics and available incentives that can help make it work for you. The site can also lead you to qualified professionals who can install and service such systems. Find Solar is a joint partnership among: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), American Solar Energy Society, Solar Electric Power Association, and Energy Matters LLC.

Solar Energy Technologies Program
A U. S. Department of Energy (DOE) web site.

Solar America Initiative
The President's Advanced Energy Initiative and the 2007 Budget proposes a new $148 million Solar America Initiative (SAI) — an increase of $65 million over the FY06 budget. The Solar America Initiative will accelerate the development of advanced solar electric technologies, including photovoltaics and concentrating solar power systems, with the goal of making them cost-competitive with other forms of renewable electricity by 2015.

Concentrating Solar Power Research
This is a DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) web site. NREL collaborates with industry to further the research and development of concentrating solar power (CSP) plant and solar thermal technologies and supports DOE in its concentrating solar power deployment efforts.

Concentrating Power & Sun Lab
This DOE web site gives detailed information on large-scale concentrating solar power installations. SunLab is a partnership developed by the U.S. Department of Energy to administer its concentrating solar power R&D and analysis activities.

Southwest Concentrating Solar Power 1000-MW Initiative
U.S. Department of Energy's goal to install 1,000 megawatts (MW) of new concentrating solar power systems in the southwestern United States, including Texas, by 2010.

Texas Renewable Energy Industries Association (TREIA)
TREIA is a statewide non-profit organization that represents over 200 member companies, organizations, agencies and individuals that provide renewable energy products, services and information, and sustainable (green) building design and construction.

Texas Solar Energy Society (TXSES)
TXSES promotes solar and other renewable energy applications. Membership includes educators, engineers, researchers, students, bankers, electrical contractors, architects, builders, building inspectors, home owners and solar enthusiasts. TXSES publishes a quarterly newsletter and engages in educational projects and conferences.

West Texas A & M Alternative Energy Institute
AEI is involved in research, development and design of renewable energy systems, classes, seminars, workshops, training programs, publications, and information dissemination. AEI offers two introductory courses, one for wind energy and one for solar energy.

UT Austin's Solar Energy Laboratory
The Solar Energy Laboratory was established in 1982 by the University of Texas at Austin. It includes space and equipment for solar energy related projects, and research. Recent research emphasizes solar radiation measurements at several sites across Texas. Archived data may be accessed through the Texas Solar Radiation Data Base.

Solar Austin
Solar Austin is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit advocacy and information organization for renewable and sustainable energy. Solar Austin works to accelerate the transition to clean renewable energy, building healthy communities, strong economies and energy independence.

Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA)
SEIA is the national trade association of solar energy manufacturers, dealers, distributors, contractors, installers, architects, consultants, and marketers. SEIA work to expand the use of solar technologies in the global marketplace.

Florida Solar Energy Center
This web site researches and promotes energy efficiency and solar energy in Florida; yet the site appeals to a national audience for its excellent solar energy information, on-line research reports, software demos, news and events.

ENERGY STAR
Energy Star offers businesses and consumers energy efficient solutions - helping to save money while protecting the environment for future generations. Energy Star is a voluntary labeling program of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency and the US Department of Energy that identifies energy efficient products. Energy Star programs and products help save the environment and save consumers money by using less energy through advanced design or construction.

City Programs

Austin Energy
Austin Energy is an Austin community-owned electric utility with a comprehensive energy efficiency program. Austin Energy provides energy conservation information for both homes and businesses, equipment purchasing guidelines and conservation ideas, and rebates and low-interest loans to help residential and business customers make energy efficiency improvements. Also see the Solar Rebate Program

El Paso Solar Energy Association (EPSEA)
EPSEA furthers solar energy and related technologies with concern for the ecological, social and economic fabric of the region (West Texas, Southern New Mexico, Northern Mexico). In addition to monthly meetings and seminars, EPSEA conducts technology demonstrations and project development work related to renewable energy technologies in the Southwest U. S. and Northern Mexico. EPSEA publishes a monthly newsletter on solar energy and EPSEA activities.

Solar San Antonio (SSA)
Solar San Antonio is a leading advocate of sustainable communities and facilities powered by renewable energies. SSA initiates meetings, educational events, and outreach opportunities that increase awareness of the benefits of a green, clean and sustainable economy.

Distributed Generation (a PUC page with all the policies that are in place)

List of Distributed Generation Contact Persons in the Utilities

Student Solar Car Teams

Junior Solar Sprint/Hydrogen Fuel Cell Car Competitions

Texas A & M University Solar Motorsports Team

University of Texas at Austin Solar Vehicles Team

The Winston School Solar Car Team

Rice University Solar Car Team

Photovoltaics (PV)

DOE Photovoltaics Program

National Center for Photovoltaics
A DOE web site.

Renewable Energy Vendors & Services
SECO does not link directly to vendors, but you can visit the Texas Renewable Energy Industry Association web site and select the Search Our Members tab. There you can search by the type of renewable energy that interests you. You can also find vendor contact information on the Texas Solar Energy Society web site and select the Find Vendors link for their database of vendors who provide products or services related to renewable energy. Of course, when talking with a vendor, always be sure to ask for references.

NREL's Photovoltaic Research
DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory's (NREL) Photovoltaic (PV) research is focused on decreasing the nation's reliance on fossil-fuel generated electricity by lowering the cost of delivered electricity and improving the efficiency of PV modules and systems. NREL's PV research contributes to these goals through fundamental research, advanced materials and devices, and technology development.

Find Solar
The Find Solar web site is a user-friendly way for homeowners and businesses to learn more about solar energy economics and available incentives that can help make it work for you. The site can also lead you to qualified professionals who can install and service such systems. Find Solar is a joint partnership among: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), American Solar Energy Society, Solar Electric Power Association, and Energy Matters LLC.

Opportunity on the Horizon: Photovoltaics in Texas Solar
This is a June 2007 study produced by the University of Texas at Austin.

Costs and Payback of Solar Energy

Looking for PV photos?
Go to DOE's Photographic Information Exchange for an on-line collection of several thousand photos related to renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. All photos are free and for public use.

PV - On and Off the Grid

Distributed Generation Interconnection Manual
The Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) prepared this manual to guide the inclusion of distributed generation (DG) into the Texas electric system. It is intended for use by utility engineers processing distributed generation interconnection applications, as well as those considering the interconnection of distributed generation with a transmission and distribution utility. The manual includes a review of safety and technical requirements of DG installations; a copy of applicable rules, application procedures and forms; Texas utility contacts and equipment pre-certification requirements.

Photovoltaics - Attaching to the Electric Grid
A Texas Solar Energy Society web page.

Making the Utility Connection for Larger Systems
This is a DOE-funded article prepared by the Southwest Technology Development Institute and published in STWI's Code Corner.

Going off the Grid - Making Your Own Clean Electricity
This DOE web site discusses generating electricity using your own small renewable energy system fits the circumstances and values of some home and small-business owners. Although it takes time and money to research, buy, and maintain a system, many people enjoy the independence they gain and the knowledge that their actions are helping the environment. renewable energy system can be used to supply some or all of your electricity needs. Some people, especially those in remote areas, use the electricity from their systems in place of electricity supplied to them by power providers (i.e. electric utilities). These are called stand-alone (off-grid) systems.

Off-Grid PV Fact Sheet

Connecting to the Grid Guide 2007
The Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) has published a new edition of its Connecting to the Grid guide. The fifth edition of this guide, published in July 2007, addresses new and lingering interconnection issues that are relevant to all distributed generation technologies, including renewables, fuel cells, microturbines, and reciprocating engines. Because the interconnection of small distributed generators remains largely in the domain of states, the guide targets state regulators, other government officials, and utility representatives.

Photovoltaic Project Model Software
This software can be used world-wide to easily evaluate the energy production, life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emissions reduction for three basic PV applications: on-grid; off-grid; and water pumping. For on-grid applications the model can be used to evaluate both central-grid and isolated-grid PV systems. For off-grid applications the model can be used to evaluate both stand-alone (PV-battery) and hybrid (PV-battery-genset) systems. For water pumping applications the model can be used to evaluate PV-pump systems.

PV Power Systems & the 2005 National Electrical Code
This Southwest Technology Development Institute manual examines the requirements of the 2005 National Electrical Code as applied to PV power systems. The manual discusses design requirements for the balance-of-systems components in a PV system, conductor selection and sizing, overcurrent protection device rating and location and disconnect rating and location.

PV Now
PV Now is a coalition of the world’s leading photovoltaic companies joined to aggressively expand North American distributed, grid-connected PV market opportunities and eliminate market barriers. PV Now is closely affiliated with the Solar Energy Industries Association.

SolTrex
This data-logging web site provides PV system owners, educators, students, and solar enthusiasts with the tools they need to learn about PV systems and to operate them efficiently while earning the highest possible return on investment.

NCPV Hotline
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory PV Research program maintains an international communications system called the NCPV Hotline to increase knowledge and awareness of PV industry and research happenings. Hotline participants receive important news items via email related to PV activities around the world. People joining the mailing list should be willing to contribute as well as receive important news items.

Sandia National Laboratories Photovoltaic Program
Sandia's photovoltaic systems project seeks to ensure that photovoltaic systems perform to their potential through thorough research and systems development integrated with the needs of manufacturers and PV users.

Southwest Region Experiment Station (SWRES)
SWRES tests photovoltaic systems on-site and in the field. Engineers provide design assistance, systems monitoring and acceptance testing of installed systems.

PV Economics Calculator
This worksheet does a simple calculation of PV system economics to help you understand the various tradeoffs that may be involved in using PV technology.

PV Frequently Asked Questions
John Wiles of the Southwest Technology Development Institute gets dozens of questions a week on PV systems. John uses these questions as the basis for his Code Corner articles in Home Power Magazine.

Sustainable Building Sourcebook: Photovoltaic Systems
Published by Sustainable Sources.

PV Codes & Standards
A Southwest Technology Development Institute web site with up-to-date articles and reports.

PV Installations, A Progress Report
A Southwest Technology Development Institute article.

Photovoltaics Video: Turning Sunlight Into Electricity
This 60-second video shows the function of a solar cell as part of a photovoltaic panel or module.

Learning About PV: Adult Education Classes and Vocational Training
Whether you're considering a career in the installation or maintenance of solar electricity or want to add a solar electric system to your home, ranch, or farm, here are some resources for you.

A Guide to Photovoltaic System Design and Installation.
This online publication from the California Energy Commission covers elemental design and installation issues such as systems with and without battery backups, mounting options, estimating output, estimating energy and dollar savings, using pre-engineered systems, utility coordination and material and equipment recommendations.

PV Solar Energy Video

Photovoltaic Worksheet
This PV worksheet assists homeowners determine the size of a photovoltaic system that would best need their needs.

PV Systems—Should They Be Grounded?
An article by John Wiles of the Southwest Technology Development Institute.

Photovoltaic Fundamentals
A Florida Solar Energy Center web site.

Checklist for Designing and Installing a PV System
This is a DOE-funded article prepared by Southwest Technology Development Institute.

The History of PV

PV Fact Sheets

• Solar Electricity Works for Texas
• Introduction to Photovoltaic Systems
• Estimating PV System Size and Cost
• Kids fact sheet - Electricity from the Sun
• Kids fact sheet - Solar and Electric Cars

Online Resources

Renewable Energy Vendors & Services
SECO does not link directly to vendors, but you can visit the Texas Renewable Energy Industry Association web site and select the Search Our Members tab. There you can search by the type of renewable energy that interests you. You can also find vendor contact information on the Texas Solar Energy Society web site and select the Find Vendors link for their database of vendors who provide products or services related to renewable energy. Of course, when talking with a vendor, always be sure to ask for references.

Find Solar
The Find Solar web site is a user-friendly way for homeowners and businesses to learn more about solar energy economics and available incentives that can help make it work for you. The site can also lead you to qualified professionals who can install and service such systems. Find Solar is a joint partnership among: U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), American Solar Energy Society, Solar Electric Power Association, and Energy Matters LLC.

NEW! TroughNet Web Site
This DOE web site is a technical resource for the evaluation of parabolic trough solar power plant technologies. TroughNet features an overview and answers to frequently asked questions about parabolic trough technology, as well as data and resources and technical publications. Parabolic trough solar technology offers the lowest cost solar electric option for large power plant applications.

Database of State Incentives for Renewable Energy (DSIRE)
Search for state and federal efficiency incentives by state, technology type, and incentive type with links to program web sites, legislation, tax credits and deductions, rebates, grants, low-interest loans, property and sales tax exemptions, and bond programs.

Distributed Generation Interconnection Manual
The Public Utility Commission of Texas (PUCT) prepared this manual to guide
the inclusion of distributed generation (DG) into the Texas electric system. It is intended for use by utility engineers processing distributed generation interconnection applications, as well as those considering the interconnection of distributed generation with a transmission and distribution utility. The manual includes a review of safety and technical requirements of DG installations; a copy of applicable rules, application procedures and forms; Texas utility contacts and equipment pre-certification requirements.

IREC's Connecting to the Grid Program
The Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) Connecting to the Grid program provides services and resources to facilitate the development of interconnection standards and net metering for renewable-energy systems and other forms of distributed generation (DG). This page of the IREC web site serves as an information clearinghouse on interconnection and net-metering issues.

The Borrower's Guide to Financing Solar Energy Systems
This U. S. Department of Energy document provides information that can assist assist both lenders and consumers in financing solar energy systems, which include both solar electric (photovoltaic) and solar thermal systems. The guide also includes information about other ways to make solar energy systems more affordable, as well as descriptions of special mortgage programs for energy-efficient homes.

Ask an Expert!
This DOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Information Center answers questions on EERE's products, services, and technology programs, refers callers to the most appropriate EERE resources, and refers qualified callers to the appropriate expert networks.

Looking for solar energy photos?
Go to DOE's Photographic Information Exchange for an on-line collection of several thousand photos related to renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies. All photos are free and for public use.

Texas Renewable Energy Resource Assessment
This SECO study evaluates Texas renewable energy resources, including solar, wind, biomass, water, geothermal and building climatology. The report includes numerous maps and charts.

Solar Analysis Tools and Data
This Build It Solar web site includes calculators, analytical tools for solar work, climate and solar radiation data, properties for materials used in solar projects, wire and pipe tables, and reference books on solar engineering.

Solar Power Resources
An informational site, updated daily.

The Solar Guide
This website makes solar energy accessible and understandable. The Solar Guide aims to give consumers the practical information they want, about buying solar and renewable energy systems.

Solar Energy Guide

Solar Glossary of Terms
A DOE site with definitions of terms having to do with electricity, power generation, concentrating solar power, solar heating, solar lighting, and solar electricity (PV).

Get Your Power From the Sun: A Consumer's Guide
This DOE booklet can guide you through the process of buying a solar electric system.

House-Energy Savings Using Solar

Types of Solar Electric Systems

Hybrid Solar Lighting
This new generation of solar lighting combines both electric and solar power. It is currently being developed and tested by Oak Ridge National Laboratory in collaboration with DOE and several industry partners.

Solar Heating
A DOE web site.

Solar Videos
This Arizona Solar Center web site offers four solar energy videos.

Solar Opportunity Assessment Report
This 67-page report, issued by the Solar Catalyst Group attempts to answer the question of how to transform solar energy from a niche resource into a mainstream energy technology.

PowerHouse: Texas Schools
This Texas Lower Colorado River Authority program gives middle school students a hands-on understanding of home energy and environmental impacts. Thousands of Central Texas students have learned how to use less energy and save natural resources, thanks to PowerHouse presentations in 38 schools. Visit the SolTrex Web site to view graphs and download data for the PV system at your school or look around at other schools in Texas and across the country.

Solar Secure Schools: Strategies and Guidelines
A DOE report on the unique safety and security benefits of schools that incorporate solar energy.

Solar Radiation Resource Information
DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory offers extensive solar radiation resource information, links, publications and archived data.

Solar Domestic Hot Water Fact Sheet

Solar Hydronic Radiant Floor Heating System Fact Sheet

Solar Cookers International (SCI)
SCI spreads solar cooking awareness and skills worldwide, particularly in areas with plentiful sunshine and diminishing sources of cooking fuel.

Solar Cooking Archive

Making the Utility Connection for Larger Systems
This is a DOE-funded article prepared by the Southwest Technology Development Institute and published in STWI's Code Corner.

Passive Heating & Cooling

Passive Solar Strategies
An Austin Energy's Green Power Program publication. Passive solar design refers to the use of the sun's energy for the heating and cooling of living spaces. In this approach, the building itself or some element of it takes advantage of natural energy characteristics in materials and air created by exposure to the sun. Passive systems are simple, have few moving parts and require minimal maintenance.

Passive Solar Heating Project Model Software
This software can be used world-wide to easily evaluate the energy production (or savings), life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emissions reduction for passive solar designs and/or energy efficient window use in low-rise residential and small commercial building applications. The model can be used where there is a relatively significant heating load. The model calculates, for both retrofit or new construction projects, the difference in heating and cooling energy consumption between a proposed passive solar building design (or energy efficient window use) and an identical building but without the passive solar (or energy efficient window) features.

Passive Solar Heating for Farmers and Ranchers
This DOE web site offers resources to help you incorporate passive solar heating and daylighting into the buildings on your farm or ranch.

Passive Solar Cooling
This DOE web site discusses design strategies that minimize the need for mechanical cooling systems.

Passive Solar Architecture - Heating
An Arizona Solar Center web site.

Passive Cooling
An Arizona Solar Center web site.

Passive Solar Heating & Design
A Whole Building Design Guide web page.

Sun Control and Shading Devices
A Whole Building Design Guide web page.

A resource offered by DOE, the American Solar Energy Society and the Solar Electric Power Association to give you an idea of price, savings and system size.

Solar Air Heating Project Model Software
This software can be used world-wide to easily evaluate the energy production (or savings), life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emissions reduction for two basic applications: ventilation air heating and process air heating. The model is designed specifically for the analysis of transpired-plate solar collectors. This technology has been successfully applied in a range of applications from small residential to larger commercial/industrial scale ventilation systems, as well in the air drying processes for various crops.

Solar Water Heating Project Model Software
The software can be used world-wide to easily evaluate the energy production, life-cycle costs and greenhouse gas emissions reduction for three basic applications: domestic hot water, industrial process heat and swimming pools (indoor and outdoor), ranging in size from small residential systems to large scale commercial, institutional and industrial systems.

Energy Calculators & Software
An Infinite Power of Texas web page with energy calculators as well as links to energy calculators and software.

Renewable Energy Education in Texas - Universities and Organizations
This is a list of Texas universities and organizations that offer programs involving renewable energy.

Renewable Energy Vendors & Services
SECO does not link directly to vendors, but you can visit the Texas Renewable Energy Industry Association web site and select the Search Our Members tab. There you can search by the type of renewable energy that interests you. You can also find vendor contact information on the Texas Solar Energy Society web site and select the Find Vendors link for their database of vendors who provide products or services related to renewable energy. Of course, when talking with a vendor, always be sure to ask for references. For Austin and San Antonio, Solar San Antonio offers this web page with a list of solar installers in these areas.

USDA Rural Development, Section 9006
This is the U. S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) web site for the Section 9006: Renewable Energy & Energy Efficiency Program with information on grant and guaranteed loans for agricultural producers and rural small business to assist with purchasing renewable energy systems and making energy efficiency improvements. The information includes details on project and applicant eligibility, application procedures, required forms and other useful information to assist in the application process.

USDA Rural Business Cooperative Service
This USDA web site provides information to assist farm, ranch and small business in the area of renewable energy and efficiency. This program promotes economic development by supporting loans to businesses through banks and community-managed lending pools and offers technical assistance and information to help agricultural and other cooperatives get started and improve the effectiveness of their member services

• California Energy Commission (CEC) -- The primary energy policy and planning agency for the state of CA.
• Consumer Energy Center -- CEC-sponsored site providing CA consumers information on renewable energy & fuel alternatives, as well as tips on energy conservation.
• DOE Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy (EERE) -- U.S. Department of Energy portal for information on renewable energy.
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) -- The DOE's principal U.S. laboratory for renewable energy research and development.
• National Renewable Energy Laboratory's Concentrating Solar Power Research site - Information about our latest research and development efforts in concentrating solar power technologies
• National Wind Technology Center (NWTC) -- Center run by NREL with a mission to increase the viability and deployment of renewable wind energy.
• SANDIA National Labs -- PV specific site including good system and component level information from SANDIA's Photovoltaic Systems Program.
• United Nations Energy & Environment Program -- The UNDP helps countries strengthen their capacity to address environmental challenges at global, national and community levels.

Associations, Institutes & Non Profit Organizations

• Adobe Alliance - A non-profit group dedicated to helping communities apply cooperative building techniques in earth architecture
• Alliance to Save Energy (ASE) -- Group promoting energy efficiency worldwide to achieve a healthier economy, a cleaner environment, and greater energy security.
• Alternative Energy Institute (AEI) -- A major information resource of wind energy for the State of Texas.
• American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy (ACEEE) -- Non-profit organization dedicated to advancing energy efficiency as a means of promoting both economic prosperity and environmental protection.
• American Council On Renewable Energy (ACORE) -- Non-profit organization in Washington D.C. focused on accelerating the adoption of renewable energy technologies into the mainstream of American society.
• American Hydrogen Association (AHA) -- Organization providing information on the use of hydrogen as a fuel.
• American Solar Energy Society (ASES) -- National organization dedicated to advancing the widespread use of solar energy.
• American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) -- National organization advocating the development of wind energy as a reliable, environmentally superior energy alternative.
• Arizona Solar Center (AZSC) -- Non-profit organization whose mission is to promote the use and utilization of solar energy.
• Boston Area Solar Energy Association (BASEA) -- Fostering the design and use of solar and sustainable energy technologies through education, advocacy and the demonstration of practical, cost effective techniques.
• British Wind Energy Association (BWEA) -- Promoting the use of wind power in and around the UK, both onshore and offshore.
• Buckminster Fuller Institute (BFI) -- Institute committed to a successful and sustainable future for 100% of humanity.
• California Solar Center (CSC) -- Designed to be a prime source of information on solar energy activity in CA.
• Canadian Association for Renewable Energies (WeCARE) -- National Canadian association advocating the use of renewable energies.
• Canadian Wind Energy Association (CanWEA) -- Non-profit trade association promoting the appropriate development and application of wind energy in Canada.
• Center for Alternative Technology (CAT) -- European eco-center offering practical solutions to environmental problems.
• Center for Renewable Energy & Sustainable Technology (CREST) -- National organization supporting the advancement of renewable energy technology through policy research.
• Centro de Estudios de la Energía Solar (Censolar-Spain) -- Solar energy training center.
• Chicago Solar Partnership (CSP) -- Organization advocating renewable energy technologies to help communities in Illinois use energy ever-more wisely.
• Clean Power Campaign -- Non-profit organization of environmental and public interest groups, and renewable energy providers to promote increased electric system reliance on sustainable use of energy resources.
• Coalition for New Energy Technologies -- Coalition working at the federal and state levels to advance renewable energy and efficiency technologies in AZ, CO, NM, and UT.
• Colorado Strawbale Association
• Colorado Solar Energy Industries Association (COSEIA) -- Promotes the use of solar energy and conservation to improve the environment and create a sustainable future.
• Community Office for Resource Efficiency (CORE) -- Non-profit organization that promotes renewable energy and energy efficiency in western Colorado and beyond.
• Cooperative Community Energy (CCEnergy) -- A buyer’s cooperative providing quality renewable energy equipment and services.
• The Dharma House - An organisation in the south of France that runs various courses in Solar energy and ecology
• Development Center for Appropriate Technology (DCAT) -- Center working to enhance the health of the planet by promoting a shift to sustainable construction and development through leadership, strategic relationships, and education.
• Earth Energy Society of Canada (EESC) -- Society incorporated to represent and promote earth energy technology as a viable economic and environmental option in Canada's energy scenario.
• Ecological Building Network
• EcoNet -- Organization bringing advanced communications technologies to grassroots organizations worldwide.
• Eco Soul -- Home of the National Fuel Cell Education Program, focusing particularly on renewable hydrogen and fuel cells.
• El Paso Solar Energy Association (EPSEA) -- Association providing practical information on solar energy and energy efficiency, focusing on issues relating to the US Southwest.
• Electric Auto Association (EAA) -- A source of information on the current state of electric vehicle technology worldwide.
• Energy Efficient Building Association (EEBA) -- Association dedicated to helping transform the residential design, development and construction industries to profitably deliver energy efficiency and environmentally responsible buildings and communities.
• Energyinfo.net -- General energy information on the net.
• Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) -- Research institute of the University of Central Florida focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency research, training, testing, and certification.
• Future Energies -- UK Web log hosting articles and discussions on various energy related issues.
• Geiger Research Institute of Sustainable Building - Promoting natural building, and sustainable design and development through research, training, education and
  consulting services
• Green LA -- Group of environmental programs run by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power committed to supporting and embracing environmental efforts towards a sustainable future for the city.
• Green Energy Ohio (GEO) -- Not-for-profit organization dedicated to promoting environmentally and economically sustainable energy policies and practices in Ohio.
• Hollowtop's Sustainable Living Skills -- Provides links and information on sustainable living skills.
• International Energy Foundation (IEF) -- Organization to facilitate the transfer of research and technology in all areas of energy with special emphasis on developing countries.
• International Solar Center Berlin -- General information and links to international resources on renewable energy.
• International Solar Energy Society (ISES) -- A UN-accredited NGO supporting its members in the advancement of renewable energy technology, implementation and education all over the world.
• Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC) -- Council with a mission to accelerate the sustainable utilization of renewable energy sources and technologies in and through state and local government and community activities.
• Midwest Renewable Energy Association (MREA) -- Nonprofit network for sharing ideas, resources, and information to promote a sustainable future through renewable energy and energy efficiency.
• Millenium Debate -- British charity established as an on-line framework within which research, debate and education related to energy and the environment can flourish.
• Narrow Ridge Earth Literacy Center -- Organization with a mission to provide experiential learning of Earth Literacy based on the cornerstones of spirituality, sustainability and community.
• National Biodiesel Board (NBB) -- National trade association representing the biodiesel industry as the coordinating body for research and development in the U.S.
• New Mexico Solar Energy Association (NMSEA) -- An educational nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting solar energy and related sustainable practices.
• North Carolina Solar Center (NCSC) -- A clearinghouse for solar and other renewable energy programs, information, research, technical assistance, and training for the citizens of North Carolina and beyond.
• North Carolina Sustainable Energy Association (NCSEA) -- Association participating in creating a sustainable energy future in North Carolina through the promotion of renewable energy technologies.
• Northeast Sustainable Energy Association (NESEA) -- Leading regional membership organization focused on promoting the understanding, development, and adoption of renewable energy technologies.
• Oregon Solar Energy Industries Association (OSEIA) - OSEIA is dedicated to promoting the benefits of renewable energy and to developing a strong local RE industry in Oregon.
• Potomac Region Solar Energy Association (PRSEA) -- PRSEA works to further the development, use of, and support for solar energy and related arts, sciences, and technologies.
• Renewable Fuels Association (RFA) -- National trade organization for the U.S. ethanol fuel industry.
• Rocky Mountain Institute (RMI) -- An entrepreneurial nonprofit organization that fosters the efficient and restorative use of natural, human and other capital to make the world more secure, just, prosperous, and life sustaining.
• SociallyResponsible.org -- Comprehensive internet directory to help socially responsible people and businesses find each other.
• Solar Cooking Archive -- Collection of resources on solar cooking sponsored by Solar Cookers International.
• Solar Living Institute (SLI) -- Non-profit educational organization that promotes sustainable living through inspirational environmental education.
• Sustainable Settings -- An entrepreneurial non-profit organization that inspires people and communities to embrace integrated solutions for sustainable development.
• Texas Solar Energy Society (TXSES) -- Group dedicated to increasing the awareness of the potential of solar and other renewable energy applications and to promote the wise use of these sustainable resources.
• UK Solar Energy Society (UK-ISES) -- NGO promoting the wider use of renewable energy technologies.
• Veggie Van Website -- Organization promoting and providing information on the use of biodiesel fuel, with a mission to transform America into an energy independent nation.
• Windustry -- Non-profit organization working to increase wind energy opportunities for rural landowners and communities.
• World Council for Renewable Energy (WCRE) -- Globally operated independent organization established to defend, develop, and promote policies in favor of the wise and prudent use all forms of natural and renewable energy.
• Worldwatch Institute -- Independent research group for an environmentally sustainable and socially just society.

Rural Development Organizations

• Builders without Borders -- International network of ecological builders working together for a sustainable future.
• Cubasolar - A Cuban NGO promoting renewable energy and energy efficiency.
• Enersol -- Non-profit charitable organization developing and introducing sustainable energy solutions for rural communities.
• Engineering for Developing Communities (EDC) -- University of Colorado program to educate globally responsible students who can offer sustainable and appropriate solutions to the endemic problems faced by developing communities worldwide.
  
• Engineers without Borders -- Non-profit organization established to help developing areas worldwide with their engineering needs, while involving and training a new kind of internationally responsible engineering student.
• Green Empowerment -- Non-profit international development organization promoting community-based renewable energy projects internationally to generate social and environmental progress.
• Greenstar.org -- Site delivering solar power, health, education, and environmental programs to small villages in the developing world.
• Grupo Fenix -- A cooperative network of engineers and local community people who share a common passion for developing solar and renewable energy technologies in Nicaragua.
  
• Himalayan Light Foundation (HLF) -- NGO working in Nepal to improve the quality of life in the Himalayan region via the use of environmentally friendly renewable energy technologies.
• Knightsbridge International (KBI) -- Not for Profit Corporation dedicated to providing humanitarian assistance and disaster relief worldwide without regard to race, religion or national origin.
• Native Energy -- Organization committed to helping develop domestic renewable energy sources, featuring Native American projects.
• Palang Thai -- Thailand-based non-profit organization dedicated to empowering grassroots communities and small entrepreneurs to use renewable energy in ways that support sustainable development and participatory democracy.
• Plenty International -- A village-based international development agency promoting local self-sufficiency in economically disadvantaged or otherwise threatened communities.
• Rancho Mastatal -- An environmental learning and sustainable living center, retreat and lodge located in the last virgin rainforest of Costa Rica’s Puriscal County.
• Solar Electric Light Fund (SELF) -- Non-profit charitable organization founded to promote, develop, and facilitate solar rural electrification and energy self-sufficiency in developing countries.
• Sustainable Nations Development Project -- Promotes the sovereignty, environmental health, and cultural health of Indigenous Nations through community-based appropriate technology development work.
• The Sustainable Village -- A "social enterprise" providing solutions to global problems using renewable energy and appropriate technology in developing countries.
• Village Earth -- An organization that helps achieve sustainable community-based development by connecting communities with global resources.

Renewable Energy Events

• American Solar Energy Society (ASES) Conference - Held annually in a different state.
• Aspen Valley Renewable Energy Day -- Held annually in late August in Aspen, Colorado.
• Midwest Renewable Energy Fair -- Sponsored by the MREA each summer in Custer, Wisconsin.
• SolFest -- Summer solar festival sponsored by the Solar Living Institute in Hopland, CA.
• SolWest Fair -- Sponsored by the Eastern Oregon Renewable Energies Association each summer in John Day, Oregon.

Online RE Educational Sites

• Center for Environmental Education (CEE) -- Center within the Antioch New England Institute with a mission to create greener K-12 schools and communities.
• Climate Change - Provides the latest news and information about climate change science, global warming and alternative energy.
• Energy Planet - A visual and interactive web directory of information resources about renewable energy technology.
• Energy Saving Secrets - A website containing over 100 articles on how to save energy.
• Energy Trace Webzine - A comprehensive and up-to-date source on energy news, information, jobs, events, products, and more.
  
• Environment resources - A directory of Environment related websites
• FindSolar.com - A web site which links consumers to solar professionals
• Fuel From the Sun -- Site exploring a variety of ways to harness the Sun's solar energy.
• Green Home Building -- Site including a wide range of information about sustainable architecture and natural building.
• Hi-Energy -- Comprehensive information on renewable energy technologies in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland.
• My Green Scene -- An information source for alternative technologies, and how they will impact our future
• Off-Grid -- A webzine about living with renewable energy.
• Peak Oil Project -- An interactive learning reference on peak oil.
• PV Portal -- Web link to the world of solar energy.
• Rainwater Harvesting Guide - Rainwater collection, recycling and reuse.
• Review of Solar Cooker Designs -- Includes information on the design of solar cookers.
• Savingcivilization.org -- Information about turning around our economy and environment
• Society for Energy Education (SEE) -- Society dedicated to fostering truth and understanding about the production and consumption of energy resources and their impact on the economy and the environment.
• The Solar Guide -- A guide to solar and renewable energy that makes the information accessible and understandable.
• Solar Power: News -- Consolidated News: Solar Power, Solar Energy and Solar Electric Power.
• SunWind Solar -- Notes and links introducing important information about Solar Energy.
• SustainableBuild.co.uk -- A website offering a unique reference point on sustainable construction.
• SustainableStuff.co.uk -- A website offering a unique reference point on sustainable living.
• Think Hydrogen -- Information on the use of hydrogen as a fuel.
• UK Energy Saving -- Advice and tips on saving energy in your home and business
  

Publication Links

• Chelsea Green -- Publisher of books on sustainable living.
• Rainwater Harvesting - Guiding principles to welcome rain into your life and landscape.
• Hatcreek Publishing -- Information on solar electric systems.
• Home Power Magazine -- Hands-on journal of home-made power.
• Joiners Quarterly -- Journal of Timber Framing, Traditional and Natural Home Building.
• Journal of Energy Education -- A forum for the discussion of educating the public about energy consumption and production.
• The Last Straw -- The International Journal of Straw Bale and Natural Building.
• Natural Home Magazine -- Offers today's health-conscious, environmentally concerned homeowners the information they need to practice earth-inspired living.
• New Society Publishers (NSP) -- Publisher focusing on books that contribute in fundamental ways to building an ecologically sustainable and just society.

Renewable Energy Resources

• Alternative Energy News Source - Site covering news on alternative energy
• American Energy Independence -- Site promoting the need for energy independence.
• Conserv-a-Store -- Store supporting sustainable commerce and an eco-friendly lifestyle by providing energy and resource saving goods that save money and save the earth.
• DirectoryScience.com - An online Science directory designed to help its users find the online science source, companies, products, services, and information.
• EcoIQ.com -- Website focused on energy conservation and renewables.
• EcoSpeakers.com -- Operated by EcoIQ to promote speakers for conferences, meetings, training programs, and community, business, and university speaker series.
• Forum on Science and Technology for Sustainability -- Forum seeking to facilitate information exchange and discussion among those engaged in the field of science and technology for sustainability.
• RenewableEnergAccess.com -- Comprehensive source for information on the renewable energy field, including job postings.
• Solarbuzz -- International solar energy research and consulting company.
• Source for Renewable Energy -- Online buyer's guide and business directory to renewable energy businesses and organizations worldwide.
• E-construct - Directory of design related websites

Teacher's Resources

• Schools Going Solar -- An IREC project focused on building a network, a community of people who can share experiences with solar energy in schools.

Scholarship Sources

• American Association of Blacks in Energy (AABE) -- National association dedicated to ensuring the input of African Americans and other minorities into the developments of energy policies, R&D technologies, and environmental issues.
• National Association of Women In Construction
  

Women's Organizations Links

• Alliance of Business Women International (ABWI) -- Non-profit organization founded to encourage and support business women involved or interested in international trade opportunities.
• Global Fund for Women -- International grant-making foundation supporting women's human rights organizations around the world.
• Society of Women Engineers (SWE) -- Non-profit educational and service organization representing both student and professional women in engineering and technical fields.
• Tradeswomen, Inc. -- Organization of trade professionals working together to provide fair and safe conditions for women who work in the building trades.
• Women in Technology International (WITI) -- Organization designed to empower women worldwide to achieve unimagined possibilities and transformations through technology, leadership and economic prosperity.
• Women's International Center -- Non-profit education and service foundation with a mission to acknowledge, honor and encourage women.
• Women's Net -- Organization bringing advanced communications technologies to women's organizations worldwide.
• Women of Wind Energy (WOWE) -- A group of individuals who support and encourage the participation of professional women in the wind energy industry by providing networking opportunities and student sponsorships.

For Kids

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